Human action on the environment is complex and manifests through the alteration of the structure and functioning of ecosystems, with modifications concerning the rates of synthesis and production of biological structures, the characteristics of chemical compositions, the flows of energy and matter, population and community processes and, ultimately, biodiversity. Most ecosystem characteristics are based on general theories that provide explicit predictions regarding ecosystem functioning processes. However, most current ecosystem theories are able to explain variations and changes due to natural drivers, while it is often difficult to predict that portion of unforeseen variability due to human action.